L- Glutathione (1500mg)

L-Glutathione (GSH) is a naturally occurring tripeptide composed of glutamic acid, cysteine, and glycine, widely studied for its central role in cellular redox regulation and detoxification pathways. This compound is produced intracellularly across mammalian systems and is considered a critical component in maintaining oxidative balance at the cellular level.

The L-Glutathione offered by Proliven Labs is a high-purity (>99.6%) lyophilized peptide powder, verified through independent analytical testing (COA: 251884). Mass identification confirms a content of 1511.06 mg per batch, consistent with labeled specifications. The material presents as white crystalline powder, suitable for controlled laboratory applications.

Functionally, glutathione participates in a wide range of biochemical processes, including:

• Regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)
• Support of cellular detoxification mechanisms via conjugation pathways
• Maintenance of protein thiol status and intracellular redox signaling
• Involvement in mitochondrial function and metabolic regulation

Due to its broad biological relevance, glutathione is extensively utilized in in vitro studies, oxidative stress models, and biochemical pathway research, particularly in fields such as molecular biology, toxicology, and cellular physiology.

Each vial contains 1500mg of lyophilized L-Glutathione, manufactured and tested for research consistency, stability, and reproducibility.

This product is intended strictly for research use only (RUO). Not for human or veterinary use.

Chemical Name: L-Glutathione (Reduced)
Synonyms: GSH; γ-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine

CAS Number: 70-18-8

Molecular Formula: C₁₀H₁₇N₃O₆S
Molecular Weight: 307.32 g/mol

Purity: ≥99.6% (verified by HPLC and mass spectrometry)
Content (COA Verified): 1511.06 mg per tested batch

Form: Lyophilized (freeze-dried) powder
Quantity: 1500mg per vial

Appearance: White crystalline powder (as confirmed by analytical report)

Solubility:
Freely soluble in water and aqueous buffer systems. Suitable for reconstitution in sterile water or buffered laboratory solutions depending on experimental design.

pH Stability:
Most stable in neutral to slightly acidic aqueous environments (typically pH ~6.0–7.5).

Storage Conditions:

• Store lyophilized product at 2–8°C for short-term use
• For extended storage, keep at -20°C or below
• Protect from light and moisture
• Reconstituted solutions should be handled under controlled laboratory conditions and used promptly or stored per validated protocols

Handling Notes:

• Allow vial to equilibrate to room temperature before opening to minimize condensation
• Use aseptic technique during reconstitution and handling
• Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles of reconstituted material

Analytical Verification:
Each batch undergoes independent third-party testing, including:

• Mass spectrometry (MS) for identity confirmation
• High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for purity assessment

Intended Use:
For research use only (RUO). Intended for laboratory applications such as in vitro biochemical assays, oxidative stress modeling, and cellular pathway analysis.
Not for human or veterinary use.

Regulatory Status:
This product is not approved by the U.S. FDA or any regulatory body for diagnostic, therapeutic, or clinical applications.

L-Glutathione (GSH) is extensively studied across multiple scientific disciplines due to its central role in cellular redox balance, detoxification pathways, and metabolic regulation. As a primary intracellular antioxidant, it serves as a critical tool in laboratory models investigating oxidative stress and cellular homeostasis.

Common research applications include:

Oxidative Stress & Redox Biology
Glutathione is widely used in experimental systems to study reactive oxygen species (ROS) dynamics and intracellular redox states. It functions as a key electron donor in enzymatic antioxidant systems, including glutathione peroxidase-mediated reduction of hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxides. Researchers utilize GSH to model oxidative stress responses and evaluate cellular resilience under pro-oxidant conditions.

Detoxification & Xenobiotic Metabolism
GSH plays a central role in phase II detoxification processes, where it conjugates with electrophilic compounds via glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzymes. This makes it a valuable tool in studies examining toxicology, drug metabolism, and cellular defense mechanisms against environmental or chemical stressors.

Mitochondrial Function & Bioenergetics
Intracellular glutathione pools, particularly within mitochondria, are critical for maintaining mitochondrial integrity and function. In vitro models frequently use GSH to investigate mitochondrial oxidative balance, ATP production efficiency, and susceptibility to oxidative damage.

Protein Function & Thiol Regulation
Glutathione contributes to the regulation of protein thiol-disulfide balance, influencing protein folding, stability, and signaling pathways. It is commonly used in biochemical assays exploring redox-sensitive proteins, enzyme activity, and post-translational modifications such as S-glutathionylation.

Cell Culture & Cytoprotection Models
In cell-based systems, glutathione is utilized to assess cell viability, stress responses, and adaptive signaling pathwaysunder oxidative or toxic conditions. It is frequently incorporated into experimental designs involving hepatocytes, neuronal cells, and other metabolically active cell lines.

Inflammatory Signaling Pathways
Research indicates that intracellular redox status, modulated in part by glutathione levels, influences signaling cascades such as NF-κB and MAPK pathways. GSH is therefore used in studies examining the relationship between oxidative stress and inflammatory signaling mechanisms.

Aging & Cellular Senescence Models
Declines in intracellular glutathione levels are associated with increased oxidative burden in aging models. As such, GSH is commonly used in experimental frameworks investigating cellular aging, senescence markers, and stress-induced cellular dysfunction.

L-Glutathione (GSH) functions as a central intracellular regulator of redox homeostasis, detoxification, and cellular signaling pathways. Its biological activity is primarily driven by the reactive thiol (-SH) group on the cysteine residue, which enables participation in electron transfer and conjugation reactions.

Key mechanisms studied in laboratory settings include:

Direct Antioxidant Activity
GSH acts as a primary intracellular antioxidant by directly neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). In this process, reduced glutathione (GSH) is oxidized to glutathione disulfide (GSSG), maintaining cellular redox balance.

Glutathione Peroxidase System (GPx Pathway)
GSH serves as a substrate for glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzymes, facilitating the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and lipid peroxides into water and corresponding alcohols. This pathway is critical in protecting cellular membranes and macromolecules from oxidative damage.

Glutathione Reductase Recycling
Oxidized glutathione (GSSG) is recycled back to its reduced form (GSH) via glutathione reductase, using NADPH as an electron donor. This recycling system sustains intracellular antioxidant capacity and redox equilibrium.

Phase II Detoxification (Conjugation Pathways)
GSH participates in enzymatic conjugation reactions mediated by glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). These reactions facilitate the binding of glutathione to electrophilic compounds, promoting their solubility and elimination in experimental detoxification models.

Protein Thiol Regulation & Redox Signaling
GSH regulates the redox state of cysteine residues in proteins through reversible S-glutathionylation, influencing protein structure, enzyme activity, and intracellular signaling pathways. This mechanism is widely studied in redox-sensitive signaling systems.

Mitochondrial Protection
Mitochondrial pools of glutathione play a critical role in maintaining mitochondrial integrity, membrane potential, and oxidative balance, making GSH essential in studies of cellular energy metabolism and oxidative stress.

These mechanisms position L-Glutathione as a foundational compound in research involving oxidative biology, detoxification pathways, and cellular stress responses.

Reconstitution:
L-Glutathione is supplied as a lyophilized powder and requires reconstitution prior to laboratory use.

Recommended Procedure:

• Use a sterile syringe to introduce an appropriate volume of solvent into the vial
• Common solvents include:
  • Sterile water for injection
  • Buffered aqueous solutions (e.g., PBS) depending on experimental design
• Gently swirl the vial until fully dissolved
• Do not shake, as excessive agitation may impact peptide stability

Solubility Notes:
Glutathione is highly water-soluble and typically dissolves readily under standard laboratory conditions.

Post-Reconstitution Handling:

• Store reconstituted solution at 2–8°C
• Use within a short, validated timeframe based on experimental requirements
• For extended storage, aliquot and store at -20°C or below
• Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles

Pre-Reconstitution Storage:

• Store lyophilized product at 2–8°C (short-term)
• For long-term storage, maintain at -20°C or below
• Protect from light, heat, and moisture

Handling Precautions:

• Use appropriate aseptic laboratory techniques
• Allow vial to reach room temperature before opening to prevent condensation
• Ensure solutions are clear and free of particulates prior to use
• Dispose of materials in accordance with laboratory safety protocols

Research involving L-Glutathione (GSH) varies widely depending on experimental model, cell type, and study objectives. As a small-molecule tripeptide involved in redox regulation, glutathione is most commonly utilized in in vitro systems and biochemical assays, with additional applications in controlled in vivo research models.

In Vitro Research (Cell Culture Models):
Glutathione is frequently introduced into cell culture systems to evaluate oxidative stress responses, redox balance, and cellular viability.

• Typical concentrations range from ~0.1 mM to 10 mM, depending on:
  • Cell type (e.g., hepatocytes, neuronal cells, fibroblasts)
  • Oxidative stress conditions (e.g., H₂O₂ exposure models)
  • Duration of exposure (acute vs. chronic studies)
• Common experimental uses include:
  • ROS modulation studies
  • Cytoprotection and viability assays
  • Redox-sensitive signaling pathway analysis

Biochemical & Enzymatic Assays:
GSH is widely used as a substrate or cofactor in assays involving:

• Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity
• Glutathione S-transferase (GST) function
• Redox cycling and antioxidant capacity measurements

Concentrations are adjusted based on assay sensitivity and enzyme kinetics.

In Vivo Research Considerations (Preclinical Models):
In animal research, glutathione is studied in models of oxidative stress, toxicology, and metabolic function.

• Experimental parameters vary based on:
  • Route of administration
  • Study duration
  • Target tissue or system
• Study designs often focus on:
  • Oxidative stress biomarkers
  • Detoxification pathways
  • Mitochondrial function and cellular metabolism

General Research Considerations:

• Concentration and exposure time should be optimized for each experimental system
• Redox-active compounds may exhibit dose-dependent effects, including pro-oxidant behavior at high concentrations
• Stability of glutathione in solution should be considered when designing experiments

Important:
All experimental use must be conducted in accordance with institutional and ethical research guidelines.
This product is intended strictly for research use only (RUO) and is not for human or veterinary use.

Research Use Only (RUO):
This product is intended exclusively for laboratory and scientific research applications. It is not intended for use as a drug, dietary supplement, cosmetic, or food product, and is not approved for human or animal use.

Safety Profile in Research Settings:
L-Glutathione is a naturally occurring intracellular compound; however, when handled as a research chemical:

• Effects are dependent on concentration, exposure conditions, and experimental model
• High concentrations in vitro may alter cellular redox balance and produce unintended experimental outcomes
• Long-term effects in experimental systems depend on study design and conditions

Handling Precautions:

• Use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) including gloves, lab coat, and eye protection
• Avoid inhalation, ingestion, or direct contact with skin and eyes
• Handle under controlled laboratory conditions using standard safety protocols

Regulatory Status:

• Not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or other regulatory agencies for therapeutic or clinical use
• Not intended for diagnostic or medical applications
• Researchers are responsible for ensuring compliance with all local, state, and federal regulations governing research chemicals

Laboratory Compliance:

• Follow institutional biosafety and chemical handling guidelines
• Dispose of materials in accordance with applicable laboratory and environmental regulations

Each batch of L-Glutathione (GSH) undergoes comprehensive analytical testing to ensure identity, purity, and consistency across production lots.

Third-Party Testing:
Independent laboratory verification is performed on every batch, including:

• Purity Analysis: ≥99.6% confirmed via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
• Mass Identification: Verified using mass spectrometry (MS) to confirm molecular identity
• Content Verification: Analytical confirmation of batch-specific mass (COA: 1511.06 mg)

Contaminant Screening:
Batches are evaluated for the absence of:

• Heavy metals
• Microbial impurities
• Residual solvents and endotoxins (where applicable to testing protocols)

Certificate of Analysis (COA):
A batch-specific Certificate of Analysis (COA) is available for review, providing transparent validation of:

• Identity
• Purity
• Analytical testing results

COA Lookup Available → [Insert COA Lookup Link]

Manufacturing Standards:
Produced using controlled synthesis and purification processes designed to support:

• High batch consistency
• Reproducible research outcomes
• Stability in lyophilized form

Batch Traceability:
Each vial is labeled with a unique batch number, allowing full traceability from production through analytical verification.

This product is intended strictly for research use only (RUO).

It is not intended for human or veterinary use, and is not approved for:

• Diagnosis
• Treatment
• Cure
• Prevention of any disease

By purchasing this product, the user acknowledges that:

• The material will be used solely for legitimate laboratory and scientific research purposes
• The user is a qualified individual with appropriate training in handling research chemicals
• All use will comply with applicable local, state, and federal regulations

Handling & Use Responsibility:
The purchaser assumes full responsibility for:

• Proper handling, storage, and disposal
• Compliance with institutional laboratory protocols
• Adherence to all applicable safety and regulatory guidelines

Proliven Labs makes no representations regarding the suitability of this product for any specific research application outside of controlled laboratory use.